The life and Legacy of George Orwell Essay Example for Free

The life and Legacy of George Orwell Essay George Orwell, a renowned novelist and essayist, is not only regarded for his multitude contributions to literature, he is well recognized as a â€Å"secular saint. † Fifty-seven years after his death, Orwell is acclaimed not only by thinkers and writers but also by the political left and right and those in between. He is a great story teller of truth and is revered by his moral courage, intellect and diamond-hard prose. Social historian Noel Annan once described him as â€Å"the first saint of our age† (Frankel, para. 2). Orwell, deprived of university training, is â€Å"quirky, fierce, independent and beholden to none. † Early Life and Works Born Eric Arthur Blair, this English author lived most of his life in poverty. He joined the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927 before he returned to Europe to pursue his writing career (Widmann, para. 1). In 1936, Orwell (his pen name) joined the Republican forces in the Spanish civil war. He was wounded in fighting and later on had to flee Spain for his life. Orwell was always critical of communism and considered himself as a socialist. Over the next ten years, he would make his journey towards becoming famous—under a new name and with an altered identity. As Eric Blair, he experienced injustice and poverty and as George Orwell he began to look for their causes. His early experiences with totalitarian political regimes bore impact on his prose. After the publication of two of his greatest novels—Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, he confirmed his disgust over totalitarianism. In his essay Why I Write, he said â€Å"every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism†¦to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole. † During World War II, Orwell wrote a weekly radio political commentary where he countered German and Japanese propaganda in India (para. 5). His commentary work during the war at BBC gave him a solid taste of bureaucratic hypocrisy. This part of his life, many would later say, was his inspiration for his satirical, political novel Nineteen eighty-four, which had the most profound influence on historical revisionism. Until his death in 1950, Orwell would question almost every â€Å"official† or â€Å"accepted† versions of history. In his book Notes on Nationalism, he writes â€Å"if liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear. † Animal Farm and Nineteen eighty-four Orwell became a world literary giant after the publication of the book Animal Farm. He began his masterpiece in the final years of World War II. With this (and later with 1984), he started his â€Å"thematic series† concerning abuse of political power (Pyle, para. 3). In Animal Farm, Orwell exposed the Soviet myth by incorporating it into a story that could be easily understood. It is also the first novel written exclusively for political purpose and by this, Orwell entered into a new realm of creative invention. This slight fable, scarcely longer than a short story led directly back to his first days in Barcelona. It tells of the story of abused and overworked animals in a farm that rebel against their abusive farmer, Mr. Jones. The animals’ paradise, however, would soon be commandeered and betrayed by a pig that bears a fleeting resemblance to Joseph Stalin (Gray, p. 9). The clear anti-Soviet parody did not appeal to a lot of publishers. The Animal Farm was turned down by more than a dozen publishers in England and the United States. But those who took a chance at this satirical fable were very much rewarded. The Animal farm was a hit and has sold dependably for 40 years. The success of the Animal Farm gave Orwell some sense of financial relief. He cut back on journalism and was given the chance to devote more time on his next best-seller, Nineteen eighty-four. This is Orwell’s most final and most famous book. He was already on his deathbed when it was published in 1949. The task of typing and revising the manuscript took their toll on his health and his tuberculosis worsened. The original manuscript that would later on re-surface reveals that Orwell considered different titles for his masterpiece. He planned on calling it â€Å"The Last Man in Europe†, â€Å"1980† and â€Å"1982† (p. 1). Tens of millions, from different generations have read it. It has been translated into 62 languages. Nineteen eighty-four tells of the story of Winston Smith, a minor bureaucrat in the totalitarian state of Oceania. Smith is working for the Ministry of Truth during the wars of the superpowers and constant changes in alliances. He rewrote old newspaper stories to conform to the present party ideology. He uses Newspeak, the official language at that time. Newspeak is a version of English being pared down to make unconventional opinions that are impossible to conceive. There was no privacy and Smith, along with all Party members, worked on two-way tele-screens. Posters that declare â€Å"Big Brother is Watching You† are all over the place. Smith, however, would commit a â€Å"thoughtcrime. † He would live by the phrase â€Å"down with Big Brother† instead. He would also have a love affair with a co-worker called Julia, considered a heinous crime because all loyalty belongs to the Party. He will be relentlessly tortured in Room 101 until he could no longer take the pain. He would then suggest that all punishment would be inflicted on Julia instead. This abolishes his integrity but would make him a good Party member. The terms Big Brother, Ministries of Truth and Love, the thought crime and thought police, the memory hole, Room 101 and hate week have now become part of our vocabulary. Orwell, for his part, became the standard adjective when referring to the gap between political language and moral reality (Frankel, para. 7). Orwell fought the worst tendencies in politics and society, and in his two greatest works, he did so by using fundamental sense of decency (Gray, p. 10). Legacy and Contribution Orwell did not mean for Nineteen eighty-four to be his final work. Reports say that in one of his last conversations before he died, he said he have some more books to write. He even married a woman 15 years his junior while he was confined in a hospital. He believed that when one is married and has a wife, he would have more reasons to live. Orwell had three more months. He was only 47. Orwell’s childhood friend once said that the tragedy in the author’s life is that when he achieved fame and success, he was already a dying man and â€Å"he knew it† (Pyle, para. 2). But his mystical status as the greatest novelist of his time would outlive him. Orwell did not only write two of the greatest novels in history. He laid down the standards of a true classic. A Time Magazine cover story in 1983 described him as a man of letters who attempted to â€Å"change the world by changing the word. † Orwell is laso known for his insights about politics. He decried bureaucratic hypocrisy and totalitarianism for as long as he lived. He invented a different language through Newspeak to be able to shape reality. His friends would always regard him as an intellectual. He was always straight and solemn. He held back every emotion and he rarely smiled (Frankel, para. 15). As a novelist, they say, he hates being edited and no one ever tried mucking his works. After all, they say, his manuscripts do not need editing as they always come in perfectly, even the commas. From the start, his writing was essentially personal (Menand, para. 4). He put himself and his experiences at the center of his non-fiction works and many of his essays. He made use of personal anecdotes and stories and knowledge in political journalism to stress his points. Orwell, however, never intended to make himself a hero. What he has is a rare talent of relating with his audience, not as a literary man or a reporter, but as himself. In short, before he made the readers believe in his works, he made them believe, first of all, in him. In 1984, a new 17-volume edition of his complete works was published in the United States. A wax figure of the phenomenal author has also been installed at a museum in London. Scholars have continued debates on the political implications and literary genius of his novels. Orwell’s two final books immortalized him as one of the best novelists in history. More than half a century since he died, his works are still regarded as must-reads and have cemented their place on popular culture. The relevance of his novels has outlived him. Works Cited: Gray, Paul. â€Å"That year is Almost Here. † Time Magazine. (28 Nov. 1983). 2 Oct. 2007 http://www. time. com/time/covers/0,16641,19831128,00. html. Frankel, Glenn. â€Å"George Orwell at 100: Revisiting a Life Steeped in Contradictions. † Washington Post Foreign Service. (25 June 2003). 02 Oct. 2007. Menand, Louis. â€Å"Honest, Decent, Wrong: The Invention of George Orwell. (27 Jan. 2003). 02 Oct. 2007. http://www. newyorker. com/archive/2003/01/27/030127crat_atlarge. http://www. netcharles. com/orwell/articles/col-revcon. htm. Pyle, Steve. â€Å"George Orwell’s Animal Farm: The Little Book that Could. † The Antigonish Review. (23 Feb. 1999). 02 Oct. 2007. http://www. antigonishreview. com/bi -111/111-pyle. html. Widmann, Richard. â€Å"George Orwell: Background. † 02 Oct. 2007. http://codoh. com/thoughtcrimes/tcportorw. html.

Health and Safety Challenges in the Mining Industry

Health and Safety Challenges in the Mining Industry 1. Outline some of the key health and safety challenges that is faced by a mining company you are familiar with. The industry has experienced both high consequence low frequency events (disasters such as Moura and Gretley) as well as low frequency high events (such as slips, strains and falls) contribute to the industrys high lost time injury rate (LTIR). It has also had its share of occupational diseases. Historically, pneumonocosis (lung disease caused by inhalation of mineral dust), asbestosis and mesothelioma have been key areas of concern. Noise, vibration and fatigue are issues of significant health concerns. The management and control of major hazards associated with structural collapses, fires and explosions are key safety issues of the day. Moura: During the past forty years there have been three mining disasters in the Moura district at a cost of 36 lives. The first occurred at Kianga Mine on 20 September 1975. Thirteen miners died from an explosion which was found to have been initiated by spontaneous combustion. The mine was sealed and the bodies of the men were never recovered. The second occurred on 16 July 1986 at Moura No 4 Mine when twelve miners died from an explosion thought to have been initiated by one of two possible sources, namely frictional ignition or a flame safety lamp. The bodies of the miners, in this case, were recovered. The third of the disasters occurred on 7 August 1994 at Moura No 2 Mine. On this occasion eleven miners died as a result of an explosion. The mine was sealed and, at this time, the bodies have not been recovered. 2. What is the framework of the mine safety legislation in your state/country? Since Australia is a federation of states, each state sets out its own laws, which include its own regulatory standards for occupational health and safety. At beginning, each state was separate and used the old health codes (i.e., legislation) and standards from the British system. This system relied heavily upon very specific (i.e., numbers based) system which was easy to enforce and simple to understand. However problems ensured as time and technology progressed which led to the health and safety reform that began in 1972. The Current Framework for Mine Safety in Australia in 3 ways: Regulations under a general OHS Act (VIC/SA/TAS/NT) In separate Mine Safety Acts and Regulations (WA/QLD) In separate mine Safety Act and Regulations Subordinate to a general OHS Act (NSW) Since Victoria is my state, the following legalisation will be used under 3 main categories given as below. Dangerous Goods Act Environment Protection ACT Occupational Health and Safety Regulations a) As per Occupational Health and Safety Regulations: Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004. Act No. 107/2004: Enabling act. Sets out the key principles, duties and rights in relation to occupational health and safety (OHS). Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007,Statutory Rule No. 54/2007: Specifies the way in which a duty imposed by the OHS Act must be performed, or prescribe procedural or administrative matters to support the OHS Act (eg requiring licences for specific activities, the keeping of records or giving notice). WorkSafe Positions: Are guidelines made under section 12 of the OHS Act that state how WorkSafe will apply the OHS Act or Regulations or exercise discretion under a provision of the OHS Act or Regulations. WorkSafe Positions are intended to provide certainty to duty holders and other affected parties b) As per Environment Protection ACT: Version No. 171, Environment Protection Act 1970, No. 8056 of 1970, Version incorporating amendments as at 1 January 2010. This sets out the key principles, duties and rights in relation to Environment Protection Act. c) As per Dangerous Goods Act: This sets out the key principles, duties and rights in relation to Dangerous Goods Act. But here individually they all made for individual categories as mentioned. Version No. 081 Dangerous Goods Act 1985 No. 10189 of 1985 Version incorporating amendments as at 1 January 2010 Version No. 003 Dangerous Goods (HCDG) Regulations 2005 S.R. No. 96/2005 Version as at 14 March 2008 Version No. 005 Dangerous Goods (Storage and Handling) Regulations 2000 S.R. No. 127/2000 Version incorporating amendments as at 1 January 2009 Version No. 001 Dangerous Goods (Transport by Road or Rail) Regulations 2008 S.R. No. 166/2008 Version as at 1 January 2009 Version No. 013 Dangerous Goods (Explosives) Regulations 2000 S.R. No. 61/2000 Version incorporating amendments as at 1 January 2009 3. Robens suggested two key issues were important in achieving high standards of safety. What are these two key issue? Where in the Act (or regulation) are these two issues addressed in the mine safety legislation of your state/country? In 1972, the British Robens report sought to modify the previous codes of practice using two base principals. The first principle recognised the need to unify all the difference OHS laws under one system. It was proposed that this would be accomplished by creating â€Å"general duties† into one ruling (Robens Report, para 41). The second principle observed that a self regulation model be implemented where workers and administrators ‘come together in order increase the standards of health and safety (Robens Report, para 41). The Federal Government in 1985 passed legislation to form the then National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC); though, because Australia is a federation, each state/territory has to ratify federal legislation in order to for the commission (NOHSC) to be apart of the Commonwealth and therefore have any legal grounds. Each state reformed OHS laws, based on the Robens model and beyond. In fact, the OHS operates in a three way system. The first is the general duties which cover all employees regardless of job status (ie, contracted or not) and require the employee as practically possible to ensure a safe working environment. The second are the â€Å"provisions in regulations† are mandatory laws that are specific to each state. Finally, codes of practice are used as guidance which set the standards for the general duty of care. These help in setting standards the duty holder is required to identify the hazards and assess and control risks and therefore helps Robens second principle however there remains some critical gaps. 4. What is the main goal of industrial hygiene? List the four key processes that play a role in achieving this goal. Main goal of Industrial hygiene is risk reduction and/or risk elimination wherever possible. Anticipation Recognition Evaluation Control of workplace environmental hazards Define the following terms Hazard Risk Hazard management Risk Assessment Probability Frequency Severity Dose TLV-TWA TLV-STEL Hazard: A hazard is any ‘thing that may cause harm or injury to a person or property. Also this is the potential of any agent or substances to cause harm, usually ill-health or disease. b) Risk: The risk tells how likely an accident (An accident is any unexpected or unintended event that may cause harm or injury to a person or property) will cause harm or injury to a person or property. Risk is a function of the type of hazard times the amount of exposure (Risk = Hazard x Exposure) Hazards management: The process of enacting general duties of care in order to eliminate, substitute, or reduce the likelihood of an accident (i.e. risk) through engineering or administrative solutions, or through applying personal protection equipment (PPE). Risk Assessment: Risk Assessment is the process by which a specific risk is quantified or qualified in order to understand how to manage a specific hazard. It is based upon the effect that a specific hazard may have, the magnitude of the hazard (I,e, how severe it may be), and the duration that the hazard may impact a person or property. The risk assessment helps ascertain how a hazard may be managed and how a risk may be controlled. Probability: the likelihood for an event to occur. One of the factors that serves as the dependant variable for risk (I.e. Risk=Probability * Severity) or It is a way of expressing knowledge or belief that an event will occur or has occurred. In mathematics the concept has been given an exact meaning in probability theory, that is used extensively in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science, and philosophy to draw conclusions about the likelihood of potential events and the underlying mechanics of complex systems. f) Frequency: Frequency is the rate at which a person may come into contact with a hazard over a defined length of time. Or The number of times that a periodic function repeats the same sequence of values during a unit variation of the independent variable Severity: Severity is the magnitude, or intensity, with which a hazardous substance is exposed to a person. It is the dimension for classifying seriousness for Technical support issues. Dose: Is the amount of the hazard which we are exposed. It is defined by the concentration of the hazardous substance times the length of time a person is exposed. Dose is the concept of dose is paramount for occupational hygiene and risk management. Dose refers to the amount of a substance to which we are exposed, and is a combination of the concentration of exposure and duration of exposure. Dose= concentration*duration of exposure i) TLV-TWA: TLV values generally refer to a national exposure standard for a hazard (i.e. chemical, dust, or radiation). It is a means of quantifying the maximum concentrations of a particular substance in an area over a specified length of time, and then applying it as a standard for health and safety inspectors and duty carriers to use as a way of assessing risk. TWA is an acronym for time weighted average. In this case, the duration of contaminant exposure is expressed over an eight hour working day and a five day working week. In this way, this exposure standard incorporates the maximum and minimum exposure rates a person experiences during a regular working day. The emphasis of an exposure free time is implicitly involved (as would be the case for noise) so that certain body thresholds are not passed. j) TLV-STEL: STEL is an acronym for short term exposure limit. For some substances, a short term exposure standard is needed since acute and chronic health affects may result. Instead of an eight hour day, this exposure standard is measure over no more than fifteen minutes. 6. Whatare the main airborne contaminants/pollutants that can cause health-related problems at mine sites? The Dust and particulates (arsenic, lead, mercury and etc); The Toxic gases (carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and etc); The Carcinogens (asbestos, aromatic hydrocarbons, and etc); The Flammable gases (methane and carbon dioxide and etc); The Radiation poison (radon, uranium, thorium and etc); The Mixture of viruses and bacteria. 7. For a particular legal jurisdiction (state/country) what are the legal requirements for the concentration of the following in the general body of ventilation airflow (maximum or minimum)? According to the HSIS a) Oxygen Pure oxygen: no restrictions Oxygen diflouride: TWA=.05 ppm b) Methane (as a gas) Pure methane: TWA=0, STEL=0 Bromomethane: 5ppm STEL=0 c) Carbon dioxide In coal mines: TWA= 12,500 ppm STEL= 30000 ppm Regular: TWA= 5000 ppm STEL= 30,000 ppm d) Carbon monoxide: TWA= 30 ppm STEL=0 e) Hydrogen sulphide: TWA= 10 ppm STEL= 15ppm f) Respirable dust (no silica) Coal Dust: TWA = 3 mg/ m3 STEL=0 Soapstone: TWA = 3 mg/ m3 STEL=0 Vanadium: TWA = 0.05 mg/ m3 STEL=0 Graphite: TWA = 3 mg/ m3 STEL=0 g) Respirable dust (with silica): TWA= 2 mg/m3 h) Oxides of Nitrogen: Nitrogen Triflouride: TWA= 10 ppm STEL=0 Nitrous Oxide: TWA= 25 ppm STEL=0 Nitric Oxide: TWA=25 ppm STEL=0 Nitrogen dioxide: TWA= 3ppm STEL=0 Nitrogen tetroxide: TWA= 0 STEL=0 8. Define Dust, list and briefly describe the general preventative measures, which can be used to control or prevent exposure to high dust exposures. Dust caused by the mechanical disintegration of material can be defined as a collection of solid particles which: Are dispersed in a gaseous medium (usually air) Are able to remain suspended in the air for a relatively long time Have a high surface area to volume ratio. So briefly, over the entire range of airborne materials, dust generally has the largest particle size although it can exhibit a wide particulate range. In general, dust can be defined an amalgamation of various particulates (solid matter) that can separate and remain in suspension in air. Dust is generally caused by mechanical weathering through, in the case of mines, the use of very large machines (drills and crushers) and blasts. Dust can either pose an immediate hazard (I,e, eye irritation) or long term health effects (radioactive particles that stick to respirable dust which are subsequently inhaled). Whether the effects are long term or short term, there are a number of ways that duty careers can control or even eliminate dust. 1) Preventative measures (Elimination): This is the best way among all. This includes watering to reduce dust formation when cutting and drilling; ensuring that cutting equipment is sharp, and using oils to transport mine cuts to an enclosed area. Under these conditions, â€Å"the means of control† is through elimination. A final piece of equipment is a blind hole borer which traps the dust generated through an enclosure. 2) Ventilation (Engineering): This is an engineering means of control dust through a proper ventilation system. Here the air must be able to be strong enough to pick up the heavy dust particles to reduce the amount of dust concentrating in the air or on the ground. Dust extraction and filtration systems that pump in the ‘dusty air, filter out the particles and then expel ‘cleaner air. 3) Removal of employees (Administrative): This is an administrative approach where the employees are basically removed from the hazard thereby eliminating exposure. This is often not very practical, especially in medium/small operations, or in rural operations where all employees are needed, or working rotation is not an option. 4) Use of respirator (PPE): This is the least way control however we have no other option. Here a worker uses a respirator in order to filter out the dust, thereby minimising risk by reducing exposure. However, many respirators can be too heavy or cumbersome to deal with, especially underground. 9. Discuss how methane is generated in mines. What are the key risks associated with methane, and how can the risks be managed? Methane generation in mines: This is produced by bacterial and chemical action on organic material and is evolved during both the formation of coal and petroleum. One of the most common strata gases. It is not toxic but is dangerous as it can form an explosive mixture with air. A methane/air mixture commonly called firedamp. Methane is commonly associated with coal mines but it is also commonly found in other mines which are over or underlain by carbonaceous formations. Methane is retained within fractures, voids and pores within rock either as a compressed gas or adsorbed on mineral surfaces. When mining disturbs the rock the gas pressure gradient set up between the reservoir of methane and the ventilation system induces flow of methane along natural or mining induced fractures towards the opening. Key Risk: Methane has no odour, but it is often accompanied by traces of heavier hydrocarbons in the paraffin series, which have a characteristic oily smell. The density of methane is a little over half that of air. This gives rise to the danger of methane layering in pools along the roof of underground openings. The buoyancy of methane can also cause problems in inclined workings. Methane burns in air with a pale blue flame. The explosible range for methane in air is generally quoted as 5-15% with maximum explosibility at 9.8%. The lower limit remains fairly constant, the upper limit reduces as the oxygen content of air falls. To track the flammability of methane air mixtures a coward diagram as shown in figure 2 can be used. With relation to figure 1: Figure 1: The coward diagram for methane in air. In zone A the mixture is not flammable but is likely to become so if further methane is added. In zone B the mixture is explosive and has a minimum nose value at 12.2% oxygen Zones C and D illustrate mixtures that may exist in sealed areas. Methane layers have two main hazards associated with them: Layers extend the zones within which ignitions can occur When an ignition occurs the methane layer acts as an effective fuse along which the flame can propagate, sometimes leading to much larger accumulations in roof cavities or in the gob. Methane and Carbon dioxide (mixtures of the two gases) if mixed with nitrogen will make the dangers atmosphere. Because this associated with gas outbursts are: Asphyxiation of miners by gas and dust. Compressed air lifelines may be maintained on or close to faces that are prone to outbursts. The violence of the outburst may damage equipment, causing sparking that may ignite the highly flammable gas/dust mixture. The sudden expansion of a large volume of gas can disrupt the ventilation system of the mine. To control and Manage: To control and manage the risk of Methane, first of all need to know the sources and nature of methane, and how the methane is releasing and migrating. And then understanding of risks can easily lead to learn of the methane risk management. The major systems as follows, In its naturally occurring state in a coal seam, firedamp does not constitute an explosive risk. However, where firedamp released from adjacent seams meets fresh-air in the goaf, the firedamp is diluted and explosive mixtures (around 5% to 15% methane in air) are formed. Effective firedamp control is essential for safe working and involves providing either: Face-End Ventilation and Gas Control :well designed Ventilation flow avoid the risk of methane gas. Firedamp Drainage on Retreat Longwalls: Firedamp capture efficiencies on longwall faces typically lie between 60% and 80% of the total gas on advancing faces and from 30% to 60% of the total gas on retreat faces. Alternatives and Supplements to Firedamp Drainage: There are ventilation options applicable to some retreat longwall coalfaces which can obviate the need for costly firedamp drainage. Such methods (eg. bleeder roads and sewer gate systems) are aimed at diverting gas away from working coalfaces along routes separate from those used to service the face. Goaf Flushing: Goaf flushing has been used for temporarily amelioration of firedamp concentrations in a district return but it is not a recommended gas control solution. The method is generally applied to a fully-developed goaf (ie. where sufficient goaf has been created to form a substantial gas reservoir). The ventilation pressure across a district is reduced, after men have been withdrawn, allowing high gas concentration gas to migrate forward into the return airway. Transport activities in the main return may have to be suspended. Eventually, the equilibrium between gas flow into the waste and gas flow into the return is restored, the gas concentration in the district return being at a higher concentration than before due to the reduced air quantity. On restoring the original airflow, the gas is forced into the goaf, away from the face, thus reducing the emission into the return until equilibrium conditions are once again obtained. This approach is not advised due to the uncontro lled release of elevated firedamp concentrations into airways and across electrical equipment. Methane Drainage:To produce gaseous fuel and/or to reduce methane emissions in to ventilation system its been used. Methane that is drained needs to be transported safely to the point of delivery, the infrastructure that is required to achieve this consists of the following: Pipe ranges, Monitors, Safety devices, Controls, Extractor pumps Other than all above mentioned, in individual countries they are following up rules and regulations to control and manage the risk of Methane. Here is an example UK legislation states, Electrical power must be switched off when the general body concentration of methane exceeds 1.25%. If methane concentration exceeds 2% personnel other than those associated with improving the ventilation in the area should leave the area. 10. Discuss the sources and risks associated with arsenic, mercury and cyanides. How can the risks be managed? A) mercury Sources: Natural sources: Volcanoes Volatilization from oceans Erosion of natural deposits Human Activities: Estimated to be 1/3-2/3 of the total mercury released into the environment. Sources include: Stack losses from cinnabar roasting The working and smelting of metals Coal fired power plants Discharges from mines, refineries and factories Combustion of coal and municipal wastes, industrial wastes and boilers Medical waste incinerators Pesticides Runoff from landfills/croplands B) mercury Risks: Persistence: Can change form, Cannot be destroyed Solubility: Cinnabar (HgS) is insoluble (and resists weathering); Liquid Hg is slightly soluble in water. Bioaccumulation: Hg methylation forms CH3Hg+ which is easily absorbed by organisms and biomagnifies from the bottom to the top of the food chain Bioaccumulates (concentrates) in muscle and tissue of fish and other wildlife CH3Hg+ generally increases by a factor of ten or less with each step up the food chain C) Arsenic Sources: Arsenopyrite (FeAsS) is the most common arsenic mineral in ores and is also a byproduct associated with copper, gold, silver, and lead/zinc mining. Arsenic trioxide (Fe2As3) is present in flue gases from copper ore roasting coal-fired power plants and incinerators also may release As into atmosphere. Water: average concentration is 1 ppb, but can be > 1,000 ppb in mining areas; As+5 most prevalent; many compounds dissolve in water. D) Arsenic Risks: Arsenic is a human carcinogen In humans the primary target organs are the skin and vascular system birds, animals, plants, and freshwater fish can become contaminated Toxicity in water is determined by water temperature, pH, organic content, phosphate concentration, suspended soils, presence of oxidants, and speciation E) Cyanides Sources: Can leach from landfills and cyanide-containing road salts as well as to the atmosphere from car exhaust (hydrogen cyanide gas HCN). Some foods (almonds and lima beans) contain cyanides naturally It can be produced by some bacteria, fungi, and algae Spills: Cyanide and other heavy metal pollutants overflowed a dam at Baia Mare, Romania, contaminating 250 miles of rivers, and killing millions of fish Most persistent in groundwater at higher pH F) Cyanides Risks Oral lethal dose of KCN for an adult is 200 mg Airborne concentrations of 270 ppm is fatal Long term exposure to lower levels results in heart pains, breathing difficulties, vomiting, blood changes, headaches and thyroid gland enlargement CN does not bio-accumulate in fish G) Cyanide risk Control Methods: Production: Encourage responsible cyanide manufacturing by purchasing from manufacturers who operate in a safe and environmentally protective manner. Transportation: Protect communities and the environment during cyanide transport. Handling and Storage: Protect workers and the environment during cyanide handling and storage. Operations: Manage cyanide process solutions and waste streams to protect human health and the environment. Decommissioning: Protect communities and the environment from cyanide through development and implementation of decommissioning plans for cyanide facilities. Worker Safety: Protect workers health and safety from exposure to cyanide Emergency Response: Protect communities and the environment through the development of emergency response strategies and capabilities. Training: Train workers and emergency response personnel to manage cyanide in a safe and environmentally protective manner. Daily inspection of leach residue storage ponds and tailings delivery pipelines; Incident reporting and a system of emergency procedures; Systems for data recording, evaluation, interpretation and reporting; Process technician training and awareness of potential cyanide related problems, including personal safety and impacts on the surrounding natural environment; systematic records management and documentation of animal mortalities; Incorporating cyanide management procedures into the site Environmental Management Plan which is currently being updated. H) Arsenic and mercury risk control methods: The above mentioned methods are suited to adopt Arsenic and mercury as well. However in practical world, it depends upon the harmness, will vary to importances of handling. 11. Define the purpose of ventilation in underground mines. What types of ventilations systems are common? The purpose for ventilation in mines is to dilute various forms of gases. These gases could be either a chemical hazard (as in carbon-monoxide and dust) or explosive physical hazards such as methane accumulation along the roofs of mine shafts. Ventilation systems often come in the form of, fans which control air flow stoppages and seals will seal leakages in particular to older mines Doors and airlocks Regulators which is a door with an appropriate passage to maintain air pressure gradients Aircrossings which allow suction and blowing ventilation systems to easily by pass one another and not allow for cross contamination 12. Electrical power is commonly employed in mines, what work practices would you define for the maintenance of electrical equipment? Always to be Maintained, reviewed and modified mine power supply systems. Make sure Consistently inspect machineraries and carry out tests for faults and hazards Make sure always the electrical equipment is properly viewed, so that arrange some lights near electrical equipment in underground mines to ensure to be visible. Make sure while Create procedures to ensure noise and electrical hazards; over voltages, current regulation, noise level reductions etc., are maintained to appropriate legislative standards. Without too much stress, try to provide machinery that can be moved easily that are also within legislative requirements and can supply adequate electricity Create an alternative power supply source in case of machinery breakdown which allows to do maintenance activities. For the quick identification, install proper mine cables with appropriate colour coding system. And following safety rules and regulations also makes the good work practices for the maintenance of electrical equipment. Failure to exercise caution may result in injury, so caution must be used when operating or repairing electrical equipment When performing electrical work, always use the proper protective equipment, such as: safety glasses, protective gloves, and a properly rated meter. State regulations, Australian Standards and company policies are designed to guard against electrical hazards in the mining industry. So following up those are very essential Wet conditions may corrode metal electrical components and cause their failure. Falling rock may damage an electrical cable or component. So need to avoid those kind of dangerous conditions before installing at specific places or need to take care to avoid those problems. Exercise caution to be used to use proper protective equipment when working with batteries. Because batteries could explode and cause injury or could ignite and cause fires. All have to be aware and especially all electrician properly trained to Be alert and knowledgeable of the hazards of electricity. Make sure always keeping attitude tono electrical work can be performed until the electrical circuit is knocked, locked, and tagged. Always make certain the frame ground is properly connected. No electrical work shall be performed except by a qualified person. Circuit breakers and disconnects shall be marked for identification. Circuit breaking devices or proper fuses, shall be installed to protect against short circuit and overloads. à ¼ Disconnecting devices shall be locked and tagged out. All electrical equipment shall be examined, tested, properly maintained, and results recorded as required 13. Your mine employs pipelines to convey the following: Compressed air Service water Methane Run of mine drainage water How would you ensure that each pipeline can be readily identified by a quick visual inspection? Colouring the pipes with different kind of colours may give solution to this case. Example: Blue colour for service water Red colour for Compressed air Green colour for Methane Yellow colour for mine drainage water This way each pipe is easily visualised in the mine. A sign that demarcates the colour coding system will also be necessary to clarify the colour coding system. 14. Distinguish, with the use of examples, the difference between major, chronic and minor incidents. What are the legal requirements for reporting these different types of

Examining the challenges of Clinical Leadership

Examining the challenges of Clinical Leadership A health care setting institution with advanced health technology and high calibers doesnt mean quality nursing care can be offered, unless accompanying with effective clinical leadership. This essay has a strong focus on all aspects of clinical leadership. A case will be used to find out how should effective leadership skill be. Both internal and external factors should be analysed. The latter factors can be found out by PESTEL. Change management is helpful to develop strategies for handling the issue. In recommendations, teamwork, power, communication and presentation skills, conflict management, emotional intelligence and autocratic leadership style all are crucial to solve the issue and a clinician should equip with them. Before concluding all the discussion, training myself as a reflective practitioner is helpful to develop my future practice. Clinical leadership- What is this? It has various definitions. Harper (1995, p.81) defines a clinical leader as one who possesses clinical expertise in specialty practice area and who uses interpersonal skills to enable nurses and other healthcare providers to deliver quality patient care. More elaborately, it also involves an environment where nurses are empowered and where there is a vision for the future. Clinical leadership requires leadership skills for team building, confidence and respect of others, as well as vision and empowerment. Equally important, clinical leaders must also be good communicators. Meanwhile, Stanley (2006) suggests not only the abovementioned elements clinical leaders have to demonstrate, but also the followings- approachable and role model. Approachable means a clinical leader should be friendly and openness rather than controlling and dictatorial (Stanley, 2006). Role model means clinical leader who serves as an example, whose behaviour is emulated by other nurses (Stanley, 2006). To summ arise the above elements, clinical leadership is effective if clinical leaders are expert in their field, and because they are approachable, effective communicators and empowered, are able to become a role model, motivating other nurses by matching their values and beliefs about nursing and care to their practice (Stanley, 2006). Leadership is important in healthcare today. In Hong Kong, Hospital Authority emphasises any potential or experienced leaders should be educated and trained. Enhancing professional competencies and building up effective leadership is the top priority. In action, providing simulation skill-based training for nurses; developing new in-house specialty training programs for nurses; offering corporate scholarship for overseas training; creating full-time executive development positions; organising senior executive development program and other leadership development all are beneficial to nurture competent clinical leaders (Hospital Authority annual plan, 2010). Case scenario This short paragraph is going to describe a case I experienced at my area of practice. Having been a senior nurse at my workplace, I am mainly responsible for nursing administration, such as arranging vacation leave for my colleagues. One day, one of my subordinates requested annual leave during the Chinese Lunar New Year as she hasnt been a long vacation leave during the festival for a few years. Her request was simply rejected because of compelling reason- inadequate manpower. I think it was reasonable to reject her request. However, the colleague had seemed disappointed my decision and complained this incident to my senior. It is time for me to contemplate which aspect, for example, communication and interpersonal skills or poor decision making, which I was doing wrong in this leadership issue. In short, there might be conflict issues between the subordinate and senior. Analysis There are many external factors which affecting the leadership issue. It is important to reveal them so as to maximize the opportunities and minimize the threats to my work environment. PESTEL is an analytical tool to help decision-maker to consider what external factors are important. Political, economic, social, technological, ethical and legal factors or PESTEL factors in short should be discovered. The following grid shows the analysis: Grid 1: PESTEL analysis grid P E S T E L e.g. Any inequality legislation committed due to subordinates request being rejected A lot of alternative nursing employment may contribute staff submitted resignation Staff social life may be affected due to imbalance work and social time Outdated IT equipments impede work flow and efficiency Unfair to the subordinate or not, lack of respect as her wish is rejected Take precaution of any changes in employees holidays policy/protocol Having listed the key factor in each PESTEL area, elaboration will be given regarding to individual area. Political factor can be interpreted as what is happening politically in the environment in which a decision-maker operates (Mennen, 2007). A decision-maker should pay attention that any inequality ordinance may be committed, for subordinates request for holidays during public holidays is refused. Economic factor can be interpreted as what is happening within the economy (Mennen, 2007). A decision-maker should take notice on every decision. Careless decision may incur angry healthcare staff submitted resignation, for there are a lot of nursing vacancies offered by other clinics, hospitals and old age homes. Social factor can be interpreted as what is occurring socially in an environment in which a decision-maker operates (Mennen, 2007). Having vacation leave during special festival is a reasonable desire for all shift-based healthcare staff. A decision-maker may be in dilemma whos e staff can have vacation leave as manpower is so tight. Technological factor can be interpreted as what is happening in technology which can impact what a decision-maker does (Mennen, 2007). In this regard, outdated healthcare technology can affect the leadership issue also. Inefficacy may be caused by the outdated equipment results time-consuming in a simple procedure, such as preparing a roster for frontline staff. Ethical factor can be interpreted as what is right or wrong philosophically (Mennen, 2007). A decision-maker should underscore any decided judgment should be morally acceptable, such as frontline staffs request should be fairly arranged. Prejudice and bias should be avoided. Legal factor can be interpreted as what is happening with changes to legislation (Mennen, 2007). A decision-maker should update his/her understanding in any staff vacation leave protocol or policy in order to maintain the staff maximum benefit. To make a brief summary, PESTEL can enable an organiza tion to anticipate future threats and take action to escape from their impact. Change management The term-change management is coined by Lewin (1951).Change management model is known as unfreeze, change and refreeze (Mind Tools Ltd, 2010). Change is unavoidable of something is needed to be amended. This paragraph is going to explore how the change management model can be applied in the clinical issue. Before application, force field analysis should be performed. The analysis starts from the premise that any situation is held in a stable position by a series of equal and opposite forces. Change occurs about when the forces become out of balance. The analysis is useful when a decision-maker knows where he/she wants to go but is stuck. The following shows the analysis: Restraining forces forces Pushing forces Maintaining adequate manpower is the top priority Staff discontents the holiday during the Chinese New Year Poor mood and low work efficiency due to no holidays during the special festival Power and discipline are paramount to uphold better patient services/benefit Involved staff politicizes the issue (i.e. complaint the issue to management level) Frontline staff is an important asset in caring-demand work environment To execute change, pushing forces must be greater than restricting forces and the need for change has been recognized. In application of the Lewin (1951) model, the first step should prepare the organization to accept that change is necessary, which involves break down the existing status quo before building up a new way for the next stage (Paton McCalman, 2008). In practical step, ensuring there is strong support from management team. Compelling message should be disseminated vacation leave during special festival is possible if manpower is enough. Maintaining stable manpower is essential to provide quality nursing care. At the same time, managerial staff should remain open to subordinates concerns and address in terms of the need to change. The second stage is where people begin to resolve their uncertainty and look for new ways to do things. People start to believe and act in ways that support the new direction (Paton McCalman, 2008). In practical step, effective communication and empowerment are significant. More clearly, managerial staff should prepare every staff for what is happening if staff requests annual leave during special festival. Also, explanations exactly by the managerial staff how the changes will affect every staff. The third stage is when the change (i.e. no one is approval for vacation leave during special festival unless manpower is allowed) is taking shape and subordinates have embraced the new ways of protocol, the organization is ready to refreeze (Paton McCalman, 2008). In practical step, the organisation should anchor the changes into the culture. Establishing feedback system is helpful to sustain the change. Having vacation leave immediately after special festival is encouraged. Recommendations There are six recommendations to solve the leadership issue. The concept of teamwork should be imparted into the ward practice. Nursing care is teamwork-based. The importance of teamwork should not be ignored. Teamwork in health care can be defined as a dynamic process involving two or more health care professionals with complementary backgrounds and skills, sharing common health goals and exercising collaborated physical and mental effort in assessing, planning, or evaluating client care (Agich, 1982). I have to explain her that the importance of teamwork. All colleagues need to understand how important it is for them to work smoothly together if they want to provide quality care. All colleagues must be dedicated to the whole nursing team and be willing to act unselfishly. In other words, sacrifice, in a certain extent, is necessary. To build up teamwork culture, making sure that the team goals are completely clear and understood and accepted by each frontline staff. In addition, I have to be careful with interpersonal issues. Early recognising them and dealing with them in full are highly recommended. Power There is a famous proverb-nothing can be done without power (Power, 1999). The appropriate use of power is important for clinical leadership, for a healthcare setting environment depends on social relationship based on power. Power (1999) defines power in terms of control or influence over the behaviour of other with or without their consent. Power can be classified as physical, position, resources, expert and intuitive. Position rather than other power should be used in the issue. Position power equals legitimate power. It means occupancy of a role entitles one to the rights of that role in the organization (Power, 1999). As a decision-maker, I have considerable right to determine something. Not approving staff with vacant leave during the special festival during the Chinese New Year is a logical and reasonable decision. Both parties interest (i.e. patient and ward) can be preserved. Presentation and communication skills Oral communication skills consistently rank near the top of competencies valued by clinical leaders. As a clinical leader, promoting positive workplace relations through conservation is highly recommended (Burnard, 1997).. In the leadership issue, I have to offer constructive criticism pertinent to the issue rather than directly rejecting her request. Think currently about what I want to say is the first step. Next, be specific in conveying core message during face-to-face communication. Clear rather than vague assertion is preferred. I do wish there is enough manpower during the special festival so you can have holiday us better than your request is banned due to inadequate manpower. On the one hand, I have to offer help and empathy her. More clearly, holiday after the special festival should be arranged immediately and understanding that the mood of no holiday during the festival. Conflict management Since different staff will have different viewpoints, ideas and desire, conflict is unavoidable in any group. The sources of conflict are disagreement on how things should be done, personal interest as well as tension and stress (Shortell Kaluzny, 1997). The outcomes of conflict include polarization, low morale and regrettable behaviours produced. Therefore, conflict should be well encouraged In this regard, understanding how conflicts arise is important. Obviously, the above mentioned conflict can be categorized as personal interest (i.e. requesting on holidays during the special festival). To handle the conflict due to personal interest, compromise or negotiation is effective to settle down the incident. I have to talk with her gently as manpower is too tense, your compromise is critical. At the same time, I have to manage the issue intelligently, banning her request straightforwardly seems provoking her emotion. Rather, I have to refuse her request euphemistically. For example, y our request must be approved if manpower is enough. Emotional intelligence Emotional intelligence is recognition of our own feelings and those of others (,). A clinical leader who accurately perceives others emotions can handle change better and build stronger social networks. To achieve so, three emotional intelligence skills a clinical leader should possess. The skills include social skills, motivation and self-awareness. Social skills are the ability to influence or persuade others (Pahl, 2008). Good communication skill is a typical example. Motivation is able to enjoy challenges and be passionate about work and initiate optimism (Pahl, 2008). Motivating all frontline staff to work at the special festival is a big challenge task. Self awareness is a deep understanding of ones emotions or self-assessment in short (Pahl, 2008). Understanding my own strengths and weaknesses is helpful to deal with emotional event. Authoritarian Autocratic rather than laissez-faire and democratic styles should be considered. Autocratic style is an autocratic leader who is directive and makes decisions for a group. Being autocratic does not mean the leader is a dictator. Instead, the leader usually provides direction and makes decisions (Northhouse, 2010). Meanwhile, laisser-faire style is noninterference in the affairs of others and democratic style is subordinates have an equal say in the decision-making process (Northhouse, 2010). In the leadership issue, if a lot of subordinates requests annual leave during the special festival, inadequate manpower is guaranteed. Therefore, laissez-faire and democratic styles mustnt be adopted because it is impossible for subordinates to freely choose the period of vacation leave. To prevent any chaos in holiday arrangement, autocratic style is the best style to be adopted. Development of future practice This experience should be in my heart because the experience I engaged is helpful to my future practice. Reflective practice is highly recommended. It is associated with learning from past experience, and is regarded as an important strategy for health professionals who embrace lifelong learning (Johns, 2009). Due to the ever changing context of healthcare, there is a high level of demand on healthcare professionals expertise. Healthcare professionals could benefit from reflective practice, since the act of reflection is seen as a way of promoting the development of autonomous and qualified professionals. Engaging in reflective practice is associated with the improvement of the quality of care and stimulating professional growth. In practical step, there are several frameworks for reflection, for instance, Gibbs reflective cycle. Gibbs (1998) developed the reflective cycle in order to provide structure for reflecting on a nursing situation. The cycle involves six phases. The first ph ase is to describe what happen (i.e. the case scenario). The second phase is to think and feel about the scenario (i.e. unwisely to handle the issue). The third phase is to evaluate what was good and bad about the experience (i.e. adequate manpower can be maintained but the involved subordinate become angry). The fourth phase is to analyse what sense can I make of the issue (i.e. managing conflict of personal interest intelligently). The fifth phase is to think what else could I have done (i.e. managing conflict tactically). The final phase is to prepare contingency plan (i.e. if it arose again, what would I do). Conclusion So far, all aspects of clinical leadership have been covered. To solve the issue due to personal interest, negotiation with involved staff, wisely-used conflict management skills, fully utilizing position power and compelling presentation skills all are constructive to the issue. Before settling down the issue, both PESTEL analysis and change management should be engaged. The strengths of the above are to discover any threats as soon as possible and implement related changes immediately. Successful settling down the issue doesnt mean a clinical leader demonstrates effective clinical leadership. As clinical leadership is a persistent phenomena performed by a clinical leader, reflective skill a clinical leader should have so as to enhance clinical leadership in an advanced level. (Words: 2711)

The Anaconda Plan Essay example -- essays research papers

The Anaconda Plan At the onset of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln met with his generals to devise a strategy by which the rebellious states of the Confederacy could be brought back into the Union. General Winfield Scott, commanding general of the Union army, proposed a plan of battle that became known as the Anaconda Plan. General Winfield Scott, commanding general of the Union Army From the Collections of The Mariners' Museum General Scott, a native Virginian, believed that the majority of Southerners desired a complete union with the United States. In order to restore the Union with as little bloodshed as possible, he favored a relatively nonaggressive policy. The primary strategy of Scott's plan was to create a complete naval blockade of the Southern states. Named for the South American snake that kills its prey by strangulation, Scott's plan was to strangle the South into submission by cutting its supply lines to the outside world. The plan was sound, but ambitious. For the plan to succeed, it would be necessary to blockade more than 3,500 miles of coast from Virginia to Mexico and up the Mississippi from New Orleans to New Madrid Bend. And the Anaconda Plan could only succeed over time: the South would not starve overnight, so patience was an essential part of Scott's strategy. Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, USA From the Collections of The Mariners' Museum By adopting the Anaconda Plan, Lincoln ran the risk of committing diplomatic suicide. Sin...

Nicaragua :: essays research papers

Nicaragua The area of Nicaragua is 50,193 sq. mi. The Nicaraguan highlands, with a elevation about 2000 ft, cross Nicaragua from the northwest to the southeast. Several mountain ranges, the highest of which, the Cordillera Isabelia, reaches an elevation of more than 6890 ft, cut the highlands from east to west. In the west is a great basin, or depression, containing two lakes, Nicaragua, the largest in Central America, and Managua. The two are connected by the Tipitapa River. A chain of volcanoes, which are a contributory cause of local earthquakes, rises between the lakes and the Pacific coast. In the east, the Caribbean coastal plain known as the Costa de mosquitoes (Mosquito Coast) extends some 45 mi. inland and is partly overgrown with rain forest. The four principal rivers, the San Juan, Coco (Wanks), Grande, and Escondido, empty into the Caribbean. The natural resources of Nicaragua are primarily agricultural. Deposits of volcanic material have enriched the soil, which is extremely fertile. About half the land is covered with forests. The country has some deposits of gold, silver, and copper. About 77% of the Nicaraguan population is mestizo (people of mixed white and Native American descent), about 10% is white, and the remainder is Native American (4%) and black (9%). The population of Nicaragua is 3,745,000, yielding an overall density about 75 per sq. mi. Approximately 60% of the population is concentrated in the western part of the country, and more than 55% is urban. Political Divisions and Principal Cities Nicaragua is divided into six regions and three special zones. Managua, with a population of 682,100, is the capital and commercial center. Leà ³n is an important religious and cultural center. Granada is the terminus of the railway from the main port of entry, Corinto, on the Pacific coast. Spanish is the official language of Nicaragua. Nearly 90% of the Nicaraguan people are Roman Catholic; most of the remainder are Protestant. As in other Latin American countries, the culture of Nicaragua reflects Spanish cultural patterns, influential since the colonial period, combined with an ancient Native American heritage. Nicaraguans hold many colorful celebrations to commemorate local saints' days and ecclesiastical events. The marimba is extremely popular, and ancient instruments such as the chirimà ­a (clarinet), maraca (rattle), and zul (flute) are common in rural areas. Dances from colonial times survive, as do fine examples of architecture. The coast of Nicaragua was sighted by Christopher Columbus in 1502, but the first Spanish expedition, under Gil Gonzà ¡lez Dà ¡vila, did not arrive until 1522; it established several Spanish settlements. A second conquistador, Francisco Fernà ¡ndez de Cà ³rdoba, founded Granada in 1523 and Leà ³n in 1524.

3.01 Cell Division

StageNumber of Cells in Part 1Number of Cells in Part 2 Interphase119 Prophase74 Metaphase53 Anaphase97 Telophase43 Cytokinesis22 Create a Graph that represents the time spent in each stage of the cell cycle. StageTime Spent in the 1st stageTime spent in the 2nd stage Interphase21%25% Metaphase13%7% Anaphase9%16% Telophase19%18% Cytokinesis20%23% 18%11% Hypothesis After researching, I predicted that I would see different numbers of cells (which are the bubbles or the circles in all the different stages).I got some pictures from a website and I knew what to do, and how to tell how many cells are in each stage after staining the onion root tip. Procedure I did this project all on my own. I had to wait one day to get the microscope, I then got the onion root tip and sliced it into small pieces. I stained the root with red food coloring to make it more visible, and then placed it between two glass slides to make it clear.I then waited for the cycle to finish. It took me about 25-35 minut es to finish the whole cycle including preparing and cleaning up. I then recorded my data in a table that explains all the numbers of cells I found in all different stages. Conclusion This project was lot of fun! It was my first time using a microscope by myself, and I loved looking at the cells and counting them during their different stages.After I had waited for all the stages, I recorded the number of cells found. I did my experiment on two different pieces of onions. The time between both were not similar, because there indeed was a difference between all of them. I saw the nucleus and all the cells moving and transforming between the stages. I really did understand the processes more than when I had read it. 3.01 Cell Division StageNumber of Cells in Part 1Number of Cells in Part 2 Interphase119 Prophase74 Metaphase53 Anaphase97 Telophase43 Cytokinesis22 Create a Graph that represents the time spent in each stage of the cell cycle. StageTime Spent in the 1st stageTime spent in the 2nd stage Interphase21%25% Metaphase13%7% Anaphase9%16% Telophase19%18% Cytokinesis20%23% 18%11% Hypothesis After researching, I predicted that I would see different numbers of cells (which are the bubbles or the circles in all the different stages).I got some pictures from a website and I knew what to do, and how to tell how many cells are in each stage after staining the onion root tip. Procedure I did this project all on my own. I had to wait one day to get the microscope, I then got the onion root tip and sliced it into small pieces. I stained the root with red food coloring to make it more visible, and then placed it between two glass slides to make it clear.I then waited for the cycle to finish. It took me about 25-35 minut es to finish the whole cycle including preparing and cleaning up. I then recorded my data in a table that explains all the numbers of cells I found in all different stages. Conclusion This project was lot of fun! It was my first time using a microscope by myself, and I loved looking at the cells and counting them during their different stages.After I had waited for all the stages, I recorded the number of cells found. I did my experiment on two different pieces of onions. The time between both were not similar, because there indeed was a difference between all of them. I saw the nucleus and all the cells moving and transforming between the stages. I really did understand the processes more than when I had read it.

Green Building Eco Friendly Fruit Juice Factory Environmental Sciences Essay

BOI approved an eco friendly fruit juice mill which has planned to construct within Green Building Concept making with LEED/ GBCSL Platinum rate award in Monaragala City of Sri Lanka. Investor Mr. S.A. Siriwardan is a successful reputed man of affairs in Sri Lanka. The site extent is about 10 estates confronting the River within available good natural environmental resorts. The TEAMS adviser ( Pvt ) Ltd has appointed for this undertaking to plan and Build and besides LEED adviser. This study consist entirely considered indispensable keys steps such as, Given below are the methods used ;Minimal Disturbance to ecologyUnder this subject will be covered that how to minimise perturbation to ecology, such as Erosions and Sedimentation Control, Site Selection, Alternative Transportation, Reduce Site Disturbance, Storm Water Design, Heat Island Effect, Light Pollution Reduction, Water Efficient Landscaping, Water Use Reduction, Regional Materials etc.Energy EfficiencyParticularly consider here to explicate increased Energy Efficiency based on 100 % biogas what is Biogas and in add-ons such as, Minimum Energy Performance, Controllability of Systems ( light and thermic control ) etc.Waste H2O and solid waste directionExpect here to explicate sustainable waste H2O and solid waste direction system during the building and mill to implement within certain cardinal step such as, Waste H2O, and Solid waste direction.Hygienic environmentExpect here to explicate proper hygienic environment status to implement for plants and mill under green construc t. This study decision will be to identified/ understands through all accomplishment under green construct ; A sustainable long-last mill, Economically satisfaction, Environmental friendly, Employer satisfaction, Any investors can follow up to better or lift-up their mill concern, Significant aid to economic system development and tourer attractive force, villagers satisfaction and occupation chance to them when sustain.Table OF CONTENTExecutive SUMMERY 2 a ) Minimum Disturbance to ecology 2 B ) Energy Efficiency 2 degree Celsius ) Waste H2O and solid waste direction 2 vitamin D ) Hygienic environment 2 Table OF CONTENT 4 Introduction 5 1. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6 1.1.What is green constructing construct? 6 1.2. How does it use? 6 1.3.Minimum Perturbation to ecology 6 1.3.1.Erosions and Sedimentation Control 6 1.3.2.Site Selection and Reduce Site Disturbance 7 1.3.3.Alternative Transportation 8 1.3.4.Storm Water Design 9 1.3.5.Heat Island Effect 9 1.3.6.Light Pollution Reduction 9 1.3.7.Water Efficient 10 1.3.8.Regional Materials 10 1.4. Energy Efficiency 11 1.4.1.What is energy efficiency? 11 1.4.2.What are alternate energy alcoholics and What is Biogas? 11 1.4.3.How does Biogas use to the mill? 12 1.4.4.Minimum Energy Performance 13 1.5.Waste H2O and solid waste direction 13 1.6. Hygienic environment 14 2.CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION 15 3.REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRHAPY 16 4.WORD COUNT 16IntroductionMr. S.A Siriwardan is one of the successful refuted local investor BOI approved ; He intends to put a Fruit Juice Manufacturing Factory in Sri Lanka. Particularly his purpose is to construct the new mill based on green Building construct making with LEED/ GBCSL Platinum rate award. The site extend is approximative around 10 estates faces a River within available good natural environmental resorts, such as valuable trees and exuberant grazes, quality river H2O, uninterrupted daytime and public transit system, and besides adult male operate traditional vas service to traverse the Riva. The TEAMS adviser ( Pvt ) Ltd has appointed for this undertaking to plan and Build and I, A. Prasantha work as the Lead adviser articulation with their design squad. This study consist entirely see indispensable keys step, such as ‘Minimize perturbation to bing ecology ‘ , ‘100 % biogas for addition energy efficiency ‘ , ‘Waste H2O intervention and solid waste direction ‘ and ‘Completely hygienic environment ‘ . Expect to cover here few indispensable key concern, such as ‘Increase the efficiency of H2O ‘ ( rain H2O storage armored combat vehicle for healthful and landscaping intent ) , ‘Energy ‘ ( Biogas for 100 % energy, natural visible radiation, heat decrease, alternate bulbs led bulb ) and ‘Materials ‘ ( utilizing by native bamboo, doodly-squat, coconut trees lumbers, regional stuff river sand, eco bricks, cement stabilizer crushed rock roads, no picture, eco plaster etc. ) , ‘Waste and blow H2O direction system ‘ ( biogas waste, landscaping waste, and mill waste as fertiliser ) with nothing emanation to protect the bing environment conditions and worker satisfaction ( encouragement, transport shuttle service ) , those proposal have considered to construct mentioning to the conditions and ordinances which are related authorities institutes. Besides minimal perturbation to the native peoples and building procurance based on ICTAD status of c ontract, eventually by above proposed green construct characteristics Mr. Client will derive long term and short term attractive benefits, such as high quality environmental friendly production and net income, employer satisfaction, sustainability of the investing for long last life.MATERIALS AND METHODSWhat is green constructing construct?Harmonizing to the Green edifice Council Sri Lanka Publication ( GBCSL 2010 ) noted, The construct of â€Å" Green Buildings † purposes at increasing the efficiency with which edifices use resources such as energy, H2O and stuffs while cut downing the impact of edifices on human wellness and its environing environment during its lifecycle, through better design, building, operation, care and remotion and recycling of waste.How does it use?Expect to discuses utile methods and proposals within four types of cardinal steps such as, ‘Minimum perturbation to ecology ‘ , ‘Energy ‘ , ‘Waste H2O and Solid waste directi on, Hygienic environment ‘ .Minimal Disturbance to ecologyWorld house lifecycle retain based on all activities of nature. Any perturbations happen due to human activity. Final results will be unanticipated natural catastrophe. We should be carefully sing this characteristic when design and concept the mill to cut down perturbation to ecology. Bellow mentioned characteristics are the peculiarly consider to success the purpose.Erosions and Sedimentation ControlHarmonizing to the leedsuser publication noted, ( Leeduser.com/credit/NC-2009/SSp1, GREEN SL AP ) Need to command dirt eroding and to minimise negative impacts of waterway deposit and airborne dust coevals such as, prevent loss of dirt during building, shut off deposit of storm cloaca or having rivulets or air pollution with dust and peculiar affair. Harmonizing to the site lift and bing status found, such as land lift is below 30 grade and run into river bank at land terminal, available native trees, following methods need to implement to accomplish the purpose. Rock ridges utilizing available bowlders to forestall dirt erodings, Gabion walls to protect river bank, Rock lay down through the of course form storm H2O smugglers. Stormwater measure control with the usage of big stormwater detainment ponds to forestall overflow from the site. Form intermediate ditches to command flow of storm H2O. Water distributing method to forestall signifier dust during the building period. Expose stuffs need to cover, Ex. Bricks, Cements, sand and dry dirt can be covered utilizing coconut trees subdivisions or hana mats. . Avoid waste H2O disposal straight to the land or river, Avoid unneeded digging and Earth film editing. Identify and design proper landscape gardening utilizing bing trees. Followed up Erosion and deposit programs UDA issued. In add-on, survey tea plantation land eroding and deposit control methods. Used methods for storm H2O control ( Tea plantation institute Sri Lanka, P.01 )Site Selection and Reduce Site DisturbanceWhen consider following indispensable records and dirges at design phase ; undertaking will accomplish sustain green construct. Obtain/ follow-up Site and location analysis study which is prepared by propositional organic structure. District secretarial office records ; mentioning to the no inundation consequence occurred, non used for agricultural activates and no particular wild life wonts etc. No any other public acquisition refers to the issued LRC license. ( see fond regards ) Need to Follow-up above circumstance to accomplish the purpose, eventually can gain points for the green evaluation. Reduce Site Disturbance ; Existing natural countries to be conserved and to supply home ground and promote biodiversity need to reconstruct damaged countries. As Identified to be conserved countries, River bank, native trees and species, such as, bamboo, Aticks braid, Existing trees along boundary of the land non necessary to take. Besides protect gravel entree route north E and west side, when harm during the building period or any other consequence. Public storm H2O overflow drains through the site, These needed to protect and reconstruct as stated.Alternate Transportation systemUnder this subject purpose is to cut down pollution and fuel cost from car usage here, therefore identified cardinal masseurs as follows, Extensive usage of bikes to cut down emanations created by utilizing vehicles for transit. Native public transit system ; such as Paru service ( ferry ) , surely this is the valuable construct for workers, since river situated towards to the chief route ( Ferry is has made out of treated lumber without motor engine. This is the really common traditional method ) Since this is 10 estates land, recommend to set up building workers impermanent huts and factory lasting staff quarts in side of the land at corner side to avoid car transit and to salvage work clip. Supply a shuttle service from site to public transit Stationss, such as train station, bus terminus.Storm Water DesignWhen design, storm H2O system need due concern for increasing on site infiltration, by cut downing imperviable screen for limit break of natural H2O hydrology. Besides pollution of natural H2O flows by pull offing storm H2O overflow. Methods and systems have been discussed under eroding and deposit direction. Within above reference methods under eroding and deposit control and in add-on, Storm H2O can be used for irrigation.Heat Island EffectTo cut down heat islands consequence, to be concerned to minimise impact for microclimate, human and wildlife home ground. Avoid difficult landscape gardening system, such as cement rock pavement, asphalt roads or pathway, auto park steel screen roof. Use cement dirt stabilizer proficient methods for rods or pathway. Clay tiles or bricks for pavement, Grass screens for parking countries or exposed garden to cut down heat contemplation. Existing trees can be used to cut down heat consequence. When design phase to be concerned for selected trees use cut down heat consequence. Solar contemplation should be minimal 75 % of roof surface stuff, low roof incline design, steep-sloped type roof. Certain roof country demand covered by grass at least 50 % of entire roof country.Light Pollution DecreaseMinimize light trespass from edifices, to be concerned cut down sky-glow ( increase dark sky entree ) , glare decrease, and nocturnal environments perturbation by development impact. Particularly to be concederd here, Reduce the unneeded garden security visible radiations, Use low Watts bulbs to cut down high power brightness spreaders Traditional †coppara † lamps can utilize for garden visible radiation, street visible radiation, chief gate visible radiation expect security intent visible radiation,Water EfficientUnder the H2O efficiency incensement, there are direct benefits such as, protection of environment, cost nest eggs, Water Efficient Landscaping/ Water Use Reduction Native workss used for the landscape to minimise the installing of a lasting irrigation system. Landscape interior decorator to place local or adaptative works species that require small irrigation, to plan water-efficient irrigation systems, to turn to the possible usage of non-potable H2O Water-use decrease is a important component for whole undertaking to accomplish green construct points. Select low capacity cistern H2O cupboards, urinals, lavatory spigots, shower. Existing H2O lights-outs of lavatories and canteens and remainder suites, and urinals to be fitted with detectors type. Training should be arranged for staff get to understand sing H2O efficiency. Rain H2O collect and shop for usage healthful service, landscape demands.Regional MaterialsIdentified available stuffs in this country are bamboo lumber, brick, and sand debriss, ruddy crushed rock dirt demand to utilize them for decrease transit emanation, cut down cost of the undertaking, and as economically aid for rural trades. Cement-stabilized-earth paseos and roads Location stuff accounted for 40 % of stuff used for building. Encouragement of rural bargainers when used their productions and sell.Energy EfficiencyWhat is energy efficiency?Harmonizing to the definition of California Center for Sustainable Energy noted ( California Center, 2012 ) , Energy efficiency is the greatest nest eggs and public presentation obtained through an incorporate design procedure ( peculiarly for new building ) . Common countries of focal point include: energy efficiency can assist ; Operating Costss decrease, Lower Care Costss, increase of Productivity & A ; minimising employee absenteeism, increase of production sale, diminishing edifice waste watercourses, Increase of market recycled content stuffs, enhance of environmental quality & A ; diminishing pollution.What are alternate energy alcoholics and What is Biogas?These are few identified important methods in the universe as renewable energy. Biogas Solar Power Wind stat mis Sea tide Particularly here intended to proposed biogas system to implement for needed 100 % energy. Biogas Harmonizing to the probe of Dicla Training Centre noted ( 2008-2012, Dicla Training Centre ) , Biogas is of course produced when any organic affair decomposes under anaerobiotic conditions ( in the absence of O ) . The gas consists chiefly of methane ( CH4 ) and C dioxide ( CO2 ) in about 3:2 ratios. Methane is the of import constituent, as it is a extremely flammable gas that can be utilized as fuel for cookery, illuming, H2O warmers and, if the sulfur is removed, it can be used to run biogas-fuelled generators to bring forth electricity.How does Biogas use to the mill?Identified waste stuffs, to merchandise 100 % power for the mill are, Fruit juice Production waste ( Fruits wastages ) Landscaping and garden maintained wastages, Canteen and kitchen wastages. Sewage, Advantages: Produces methane gas that can be used for, Cooking intents, Generate electricity, Water warming. It prevents methane gas from come ining the ambiance ( methane gas is 20 times more harmful to the environment than CO2 ) It produces organic compost as waste merchandise ( in liquid, slurry or solid signifier ) Biogases produce diagram, ( Dicla Training Centre, p12 ) Within accomplishing sustainable energy efficiency can acquire economically and environmental benefits.Minimum Energy PerformanceAchieve increasing energy public presentation demand concern when design phase as follows reference standards ; Avoid CFC bring forthing equipments include to plan. Verify and guarantee that the full edifice is designed, constructed, and calibrated to run as intended. In add-on proposed to increase energy efficiency, Hot H2O demand made available with a heat recovery system used in air-conditioning Energy metres installed to supervise nest eggs at regular intervals. Energy efficient lighting and LED based undertaking visible radiations cut down the energy used for illuming. low energy chilling systems The usage of eco bricks in building to assist keep a cool inside.Waste H2O and solid waste directionUnder this subject expect to suggest following methods to derive sustainable waste direction system to make the end when implement during the building and mill operations. Waste H2O ; Identified as waste H2O in this undertaking are, Factory disposal H2O, dining and kitchen disposal H2O, Toilet and bathroom disposal H2O, Air conditional machine disposal H2O, biogas generator disposal H2O, vehicle rinsing bay disposal H2O, Construction of a waste H2O intervention works and usage of treated H2O for irrigation intents in the dry season. Particularly non to be diverted any waste H2O in to the river or public roads, land, privet lands or belongings. Waste storage constructed to promote storage and segregation of recyclables. Solid waste direction ; Fruits merchandise waste during the mill functioning period, building waste, landscaping waste, biogas waste, sewage, canteen, kitchen etc. 70 % of building waste diverted to landfill, Such as extra excavated dirt, timber off cuts and roots, tree subdivisions, and balance of lumber. Reinforcement waste, removed trees, valuable stuff which are remained after the building ; those shall used for propose impermanent hut, auto park security huts etc. Construct storm H2O retains, retaining walls, debriss pave through storm H2O drains to cut down eroding utilizing extra stuffs. As identified excavated ruddy crushed rock dirt due to foundation digging and Earth film editing ; can be used for doing cement dirt stabilizer brick, plaster and roads surface. Need to supply proper rubbish bins for plastic, paper, floras, steel, such as used wooden box received machinery, building stuff. Biogas waste straight to be used as fertiliser for fruits works in above proposed, landscape militant, In add-ons, extra waste can be used for compost production ; hence it can be usage for landscaping plants and fruit planting. Besides design shall follow harmonizing to the regulations and ordinance of urban council.Hygienic environmentPeoples need healthy, safety and comfy life for obtain a sustainable productiveness, therefore necessary to concern following cardinal points to increase proper hygienic environment under the green construct, To be concerned to better indoor air quality by extra outdoor air airing system. Implement regulations for fume prohibit in side of the edifice and supply designated smoking country at least 10m off from Windowss, doors, out-of-door air consumption, and common country inside the edifice. Install lasting monitoring systems for provide feedback on airing system public presentation. Monitor CO2 concentrations within countries. Indoor air contaminations measure needs to cut down ( odorous, irritating, and harmful ) . Supply a comfy thermic environment Promote societal authorization, community engagement and entree. Besides demand to see minimise unneeded sound which is generated from building equipments. All proposals have considered in regard to the conditions and ordinances which are related authorities institutes. Besides minimal perturbation to the native peoples and building procurance based on ICTAD status of contract ; through the above proposed green construct characteristics Mr. Client will derive long term and short term attractive benefits.CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATIONUltimately study comes to decisions which are identified/ understand within study. All achievement under green construct ; Client have satisfactory addition within a sustainable mill of long-lasting, Economically satisfaction. Environmental friendly. Employer satisfaction and good encouragement to work. Other investor can follow up to improved or lift-up their mill concern. Country wise will hold important aid to economic system development. Tourist attractive force and usage for publicity. Villagers satisfaction and occupation chance to them when sustain. And besides this study recommends a new solar works for mill energy if any dislocation to biogas system, Education and developing coder which is related to production, needs to implement, and authorities should go to to encourage/ spread this construct all around state.REFERENCE/ BIBLIOGRHAPYhypertext transfer protocol: //energycenter.org/index.php/technical-assistance/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-definition, www.diclatraining.com www.anaerobic-digestion.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leeduser.com hypertext transfer protocol: //www.srilankagbc.orgWORD COUNTWord count 2565 No ‘s ( Excludes front page, Executive Summery, Table of content, Reference & A ; Bibliography )